Let’s put a smile… on that brand!

Nos dias de hoje, a comunicação mediada por computador (CMC) é uma forma de comunicação adotada por grande parte das pessoas e pode variar entre contextos (comunicamos com parceiros românticos, amigos, colegas). Isto ocorre não só entre indivíduos, mas também entre indivíduos e marcas. Contudo, ao contrário da comunicação face-a-face (F2F), na CMC temos falta de pistas não verbais, dificultando a compreensão da mensagem e podendo redundar em ambiguidade. Uma forma de contornar esta limitação, é através da utilização de emoticons ou emojis, que permitem expressar emoções, e reforçar o tom de uma mensagem, sendo relevante perceber como é que a inclusão de emojis, em CMC, é percebida por potenciais consumidores de uma marca fictícia, relevante pela crescente presença das marcas em contextos digitais (i.e., redes sociais). Realizamos um estudo experimental para investigar como é que a inclusão de emojis (vs. Controlo) numa comunicação emitida por uma marca fictícia em crise (i.e., recolha de produto defeituoso) influencia a perceção global da marca e suaa personalidade. Os participantes (N = 201, 62.4% sexo feminino) foram expostos a um cenário fictício que variava em termos da inclusão ou não de um emoji e do nível de gravidade do defeito. Os resultados sugerem que fazer a recolha de produtos defeituosos pode ser visto como socialmente responsável. Os emojis não exerceram influência direta na perceção de marca. A utilização de emojis não se adequa a todos os contextos. Estas evidências são de especial relevância para a área da psicologia do consumidor e da comunicação.Nowadays, computer mediated communication (CMC) is part of most people’s way of communicating, varying across contexts (e.g., we communicate with romantic partners, friends, or in professional settings). This occurs not only among individuals, but also between individuals and brands. However, in contrast to face-to-face (F2F) communication, CMC lacks non-verbal cues, making it harder to perceive a message. One way to overcome this limitation is the inclusion of emoticons and emojis, used to express emotion and to reinforce and clarify a message. Our goal is to understand how the inclusion of emojis in CMC is understood and apprehended by customers of a fictional brand, relevant due to the increasing presence of most brands in digital contexts (i.e., social media platforms). We conducted an experimental study to investigate how including emoji (vs. control) in a product recall message influences general brand perception and brand personality. Participants were presented with a fictional scenario of a fictional brand dealing with a product-harm crisis. Participants (N = 201, 62.4% females) were assigned to a fictional scenario that varied in terms of the presence or absence of an emoji and the level of perceived severity of the defect. Results suggest that making callbacks of defective products can be seen as socially responsible. No direct effects of emojis in brand perception were found. The usage of emojis is not appropriate in all contexts. These findings are of relevance especially for the field of consumer psychology and communication studies

Crossmodal interactions between audition and taste: A systematic review and narrative synthesis

Taste perception results from integrating all the senses. In the case of audition, research shows that people can associate certain auditory parameters (e.g., pitch) with basic tastes. Likewise, the surrounding sonic environment (e.g., noise, music) may influence individuals’ evaluation of the taste attributes of foods and drinks. This paper presents the first pre-registered systematic examination of the literature on the crossmodal interactions between audition and taste. For that purpose, four indexing services (EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed) were searched using three sets of keywords on the crossmodal interactions between audition and basic tastes. Empirical, quantitative studies with healthy subjects in field, lab, or online settings were considered for inclusion. A total of 2484 records (n = 1481 after removing duplicates) were subject to abstract and title screening, followed by a full-text screening (n = 79). Sixty articles, reporting 94 eligible studies, were reviewed. Results suggest that taste may be crossmodally associated with a) pitch and musical instruments; b) words, nonwords, and speech sounds; and c) music and soundtracks. Moreover, the reviewed evidence supports the employment of auditory stimuli in the context of taste modulation, specifically in the case of a) familiar music; b) custom soundtracks, and c) noise, tones, and soundscapes. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive outlook on the multisensory interactions between audition and taste. The results show that audition has a relevant contribution to taste perception with important implications for how foods and drinks are perceived. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in Brazil’s inmate population: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil’s inmate population. METHODS Systematic review on hepatitis C virus infection in the inmate population. Brazilian studies published from January 1, 1989 to February 20, 2014 were evaluated. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using a scale of 0 to 8 points. RESULTS Eleven eligible studies were analyzed and provided data on hepatitis C virus infection among 4,375 inmates from seven states of Brazil, with a mean quality classification of 7.4. The overall hepatitis C virus prevalence among Brazilian inmates was 13.6% (ranging from 1.0% to 41.0%, depending on the study). The chances of inmates being seropositive for hepatitis C virus in the states of Minas Gerais (MG), Sergipe (SE), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Goiás (GO) and Espirito Santo (ES) were 84.0% (95%CI 0.06;0.45), 92.0% (95%CI 0.04;0.13), 88.0% (95%CI 0.09;0.18), 74.0% (95%CI 0.16;0.42), 84.0% (95%CI 0.08;0.31) and 89.0% (95%CI 0.01;0.05) respectively, lower than that observed in the Sao Paulo state (seroprevalence of 29.3%). The four studies conducted in the city of Sao Paulo revealed a lower prevalence in more recent studies compared to older ones. CONCLUSIONS The highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil’s inmate population was found in Sao Paulo, which may reflect the urban diversity of the country. Despite Brazilian studies having good methodological quality to evaluate the prevalence of the hepatitis C virus, they are scarce and lack data on risk factors associated with this infection, which could support decisions on prevention and implementation of public health policies for Brazilian prisons.OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil’s inmate population. METHODS Systematic review on hepatitis C virus infection in the inmate population. Brazilian studies published from January 1, 1989 to February 20, 2014 were evaluated. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using a scale of 0 to 8 points. RESULTS Eleven eligible studies were analyzed and provided data on hepatitis C virus infection among 4,375 inmates from seven states of Brazil, with a mean quality classification of 7.4. The overall hepatitis C virus prevalence among Brazilian inmates was 13.6% (ranging from 1.0% to 41.0%, depending on the study). The chances of inmates being seropositive for hepatitis C virus in the states of Minas Gerais (MG), Sergipe (SE), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Goiás (GO) and Espirito Santo (ES) were 84.0% (95%CI 0.06;0.45), 92.0% (95%CI 0.04;0.13), 88.0% (95%CI 0.09;0.18), 74.0% (95%CI 0.16;0.42), 84.0% (95%CI 0.08;0.31) and 89.0% (95%CI 0.01;0.05) respectively, lower than that observed in the Sao Paulo state (seroprevalence of 29.3%). The four studies conducted in the city of Sao Paulo revealed a lower prevalence in more recent studies compared to older ones. CONCLUSIONS The highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil’s inmate population was found in Sao Paulo, which may reflect the urban diversity of the country. Despite Brazilian studies having good methodological quality to evaluate the prevalence of the hepatitis C virus, they are scarce and lack data on risk factors associated with this infection, which could support decisions on prevention and implementation of public health policies for Brazilian prisons

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

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